概要：

尽管全球在为实现联合国可持续发展目标推动食物系统转型上进展缓慢，但占世界人口六分之一的中国在粮食安全方面取得了显著进展。以往的研究未能全面反映中国近期食物消费和供应的变化，也未能从治理角度充分探讨粮食安全问题。本研究通过分析统计数据、政策文件和文献，考察了2013年以来中国食物系统的转型，重点关注食物需求、供应、供需平衡以及食物系统治理的变化。研究结果表明，过去十年中国食物系统经历了复杂的转型。消费者转向更加多样化、高质量和营养丰富的食品，尤其是动物蛋白，而直接粮食消费量则有所下降。这种转变带来了结构性挑战，包括膳食结构失衡和健康问题日益凸显。在供应方面，尽管产量增加、生产能力提高，但食物供应仍面临诸多挑战，例如某些产品的自给率下降、对耕地资源过度依赖、以及生产和消费区域的空间错配等。供需关系揭示了食物系统的结构性失衡，尤其是在蛋白质供应和饲料粮领域，以数量为导向的传统粮食安全模式导致食物过剩和短缺现象并存；中国粮食安全正面临日益严峻的挑战，主要大宗农产品的进口依赖度快速增长，自给率不断下降。中国的食物系统治理已从传统的粮食安全概念演变为大食物安全理念，主要体现为以市场需求为导向，将关注范围从生产扩展到整个食物系统，并构建了利益相关者之间的新型关系。然而，食物系统治理在评估机制、政府角色优化、框架整合和利益相关者参与等方面仍需改进。中国粮食安全和食物系统治理的演变通过多个相互关联的渠道产生全球影响，为国际社会带来机遇和挑战。

While global progress toward food system transformation for UN Sustainable Development Goals has lagged, China, representing one-sixth of the world’s population, has made significant strides in food security. Previous research has not fully captured China’s recent changes in food consumption and supply, nor adequately addressed food security from a governance perspective. This study examines China’s food system transformation since 2013 through analysis of statistical data, policy documents, and literature, focusing on changes in demand, supply, supply–demand balance, and food system governance. The findings show China’s food system has undergone complex transformations during the last decade. Consumer preferences are shifting toward diverse, high-quality, and nutritious foods, especially animal proteins, while direct grain consumption decreases. This transition has created structural challenges, including dietary imbalances and rising health issues. The supply side, despite increased production and improved capabilities, faces challenges such as declining self-sufficiency rate for certain production, heavy dependence on arable land, and spatial mismatches between production and consumption areas. The supply–demand relationship reveals structural imbalances, particularly in protein supply and feed grain sectors, with quantity-focused approaches leading to simultaneous surpluses and shortages. China’s food security is increasingly challenged by rapidly growing import dependencies and declining self-sufficiency across major agricultural sectors. Food system governance in China has evolved from traditional grain security to a broader food security concept, adopting market-oriented approaches, extending the scope from production to the whole food system, and building a new relationship between stakeholders. Nevertheless, the food system governance needs improvements in assessment mechanisms, government role optimization, framework integration, and stakeholder engagement. The evolution of China’s food security and food system governance generate global impacts through multiple interconnected channels, creating both opportunities and challenges for the international community.